Bedwetting

Bedwetting haunts millions of families around the globe. Young kids as well as some teens face a harrowing time while struggling with the issue. The most reported childhood urological complaint, bedwetting is also a common pediatric health concern among parents. However, bedwetting is just a developmental delay, not a physical illness or emotional problem as perceived by many.

Bedwetting can be stressful and emotionally draining. Children may start feeling anxious about sleeping over a friend’s place or at a camp. Yelling or punishing them would not help. Instead, one can consider using bedwetting alarms or helping them out. Training kids to go to the washroom just before sleeping would help a great deal. Most kids overcome bedwetting by the age of six or seven. While girls would start staying dry by six years of age, boys reach that stage by when they reach seven years. Adult bedwetting rates are pegged at between 0.5 to 2.3 percent by experts.

Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis refers to the allergic inflammation of the nasal airways and is triggered by allergens such as animal dander, pollen or dust. Individuals having sensitive immune system are highly susceptible to allergic rhinitis. When plant pollen is the culprit behind triggering of allergy bout, it is called pollinosis and when caused by grass pollen, it is termed as hay fever. Allergies are pretty common everywhere and a large portion of the general population is hounded by one form or another. It is estimated that one third of the populace is allergic to something or the other and around three-fourths have developed allergic reaction to something at least once in their entire lifetime. Allergic rhinitis can be perennial or seasonal. While perennial allergic rhinitis can get triggered at any time of the year, seasonal allergic rhinitis occurs during specific seasons.

Tonsillitis

Tonsillitis refers to the inflammation of the tonsils caused by bacterial or viral infection. When caused by group A streptococcus bacterium, it is called Strep Throat. In most cases, the victims recover without any medication. Viral infection is the most likely cause of tonsillitis with viruses like adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, Herpes Simplex Virus, HIV, or cytomegalovirus the major culprits. Anaerobic bacteria too are infamous for resulting in tonsillitis, a number of scientific and clinical observations have reported. Normally, the bacteria or virus enter the human body via mouth and nose and get filtered in the tonsils. The white blood cells present there fight with the bacteria and viruses by producing cytokines such as Phospholipase A2, whose production leads to fever. Inflammation of the pharynx may set in if infection is present in the throat. chronic and recurrent tonsillitis in children can lead to poor physical and mental development.

Chronic Bronchitis

The chronic inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs is termed as chronic bronchitis. It results in persistent cough accompanied by mucus and sputum (phlegm) for a period of three months for consecutive two years. Shortness of breath and wheezing are also reported in patients of the diseases. The major cause of chronic bronchitis is tobacco smoking, which incidentally is the culprit behind a host of other diseases. Long term fume inhalation and pneumoconiosis are the other two major reasons of chronic bronchitis. Presence of dry cough, wheezing, breathing sounds and prolonged exhalation is accepted as evidence of the disease.

Asthma

Asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the airways, results in breathing problems that can make the lives of the patients terrible. A combination of environmental as well as genetic factors is understood to cause this problem. A spurt in asthma attacks overall has been witnessed in the past few years, which is being attributed to the changing environment and heritable factors. The development and exacerbation of asthma is associated with certain environmental factors such as air pollution, allergens and chemicals present in the air. Traffic pollution and increased ozone levels in the air contribute to the development of the disease and worsening of its symptoms. Children of women who smoke during pregnancy are known to develop this disease. Asthma patients complain of shortness of breath, chest tightening, coughing, and wheezing . These symptoms tend to worsen at night or during early morning.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder which is characterized by impulsiveness, hyperactivity or a combination of the both. The prevalence of this disorder is pretty common among school going children and an estimated 3-5 percent of all children globally are affected by ADHD. The symptoms of the disorder emerge by the age of seven years. The patients of ADHD act impulsively, are restless and have difficulty in focusing on anything, which impairs their learning ability. Quite significantly, the symptoms of ADHD are quite likely to be confused with those of other disorders, so the likelihood of misdiagnosis is pretty large. The disorder is more common among boys rather than girls. It is estimated that 3-5 percent adults live with this disorder. Management of ADHD is possible with a combination of behavior therapy, counseling, lifestyle changes and medication.

Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic Dermatitis is a form of eczema which is highly itching, can relapse, but is not contagious. The patients of atopic dermatitis report abnormal reaction of skin to environmental allergens, irritants and even food items. It can lead to skin redness, scratching and flakiness. Skin of patients of atopic dermatitis becomes susceptible to bacterial infection. Skin that touches the joint bends such as that on the interior of knees and elbows is most likely to get affected by the disorder. This disorder may accompany other diseases such as asthma, allergic conjunctivitis and hay fever. The causes of the disease are not entirely well known and there is no specific cure for it. However, one can opt for drug therapy to prevent it from triggering. In most cases, Atopic Dermatitis kicks in childhood and may persist through adulthood. It is estimated that around three-fourth of all cases improve by the time a child reaches adolescence.

Epilepsy

Epilepsy refers to a group of diverse chronic neurological disorders that are characterized by seizures. Epilepsy might be caused by alcohol addiction, brain cancer, substance abuse, stroke and trauma. Seizures tend to set in due to abnormal neuronal activities in the brain. As many as 50 million people around the world are affected by epilepsy. Its occurrence becomes more common with increase in age. It is estimated that 80 percent of all the epilepsy cases are found in developing countries. While it is possible to control epilepsy with medication, it might not be completely stopped. In certain cases surgery may be recommended. Epilepsy patients may experience generalized seizures, partial or focal seizures or absence seizures, depending on whether the whole brain or a part of it is involved. The treatment of epilepsy involves medication and/or surgery.

Adenoids

Adenoids are bunches of spongy tissue located at the back of the nasal cavity, just above the roof of the mouth. Their primary function is to prevent kids from falling sick, but when they get enlarged they can get really messy and disrupt normal breathing. The functioning of adenoids is somewhat similar to that of tonsils. These help in filtering out harmful bacteria and viruses. The adenoids house cells that contain antibodies which help the body in fighting infections. While these are important for kids to remain healthy, their role tends to start diminishing once the kids get older. If a child complains about difficulty in breathing, breathes noisily, snores or stops breathing for few seconds every now and then, get him or her checked for enlarged adenoids. The doctor may observe the condition of the child via X-ray and suggest further treatment, including surgery.

Behavior Disorders

All sorts of behavior disorders hound people around the globe. Children as well as adults are found to be patients of myriad behavior disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder, anxiety, panic attacks, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Conduct Disorder (CD). Treatment of these disorders can include medication, education and therapy or a combination of two or all of them. Some symptoms might be common across all the disorders, so correct diagnosis could be difficult as well as time consuming. It is possible that a child may have multiple disorders at the same time, thereby making things too complex. Some factors that may exacerbate the condition of the patient include substance abuse, family difficulties and emotional problems. Boys are more prone to such disorders, though the exact reason behind why so happens is unknown. At times, low birth weight, premature birth and difficult pregnancy can be the reason behind such behavior disorders.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or polycystic ovary disorder (PCOD) is a common female endocrine disorder which is considered to be genetic in nature. Around 5 to 10 percent of women in the reproductive age are estimated to be suffering from PCOS. It is one of the most common endocrine problems and a leading cause of sub-fertility in females. The symptoms of this disorder include amenorrhea, anovulation, irregular menstrual cycle, infertility linked with ovulation, acne and hirsutism caused by excessive androgenic hormones levels; and insulin resistance that often leads to high cholesterol levels, obesity, and Type-2 diabetes. The symptoms may vary in the affected women. PCOS or PCOD has a complex nature and the exact cause behind it is unknown. Evidence suggests that genetic reasons might be behind the disorder. Pelvic ultrasound is an effective diagnostic tool to establish PCOD.

Uterine Fibroids

Uterine Fibroids are non-cancerous growths on the walls of the uterus that occur during childbearing age. Also known by the names myomas, leiomyomas or fibromyomas, these generally do not develop into cancer. It is estimated that 75 percent of women have uterine fibroids but do not know about them as these do not cause any discomfort in most cases. The cause of uterine fibroids is not known at the moment. However, doctors suspect female hormones like progesterone and estrogen might be the culprits. Highest levels of these hormones are produced by the body of a woman when she is having periods, which may result in the condition. In most of the cases, uterine fibroids do not show any symptoms. However, these may make the life less pleasurable in some of them by inducing pain in the lower back, making them urinate more often, long periods often accompanied by cramps and pain during intercourse.

Dysmenorrhoea

Dysmenorrhoea or dysmenorrhea refers to the painful cramps that tend to occur during or before monthly periods. It can be mild or severe and tends to interfere in the normal daily activities. Dysmenorrhoea has two types – primary dysmenorrhoea and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Common menstrual cramps are referred to as primary dysmenorrhoea. These cramps start within one or two years of beginning of menstrual periods. These pains happen to become less intense or stop completely with age or after the woman has had a baby. Secondary dysmenorrhoea refers to the pain which occurs due to a disorder in the reproductive organs of a woman. The contractions in the uterus cause menstrual cramps. When it happens to contract, it presses the nearby vessels and cuts off the oxygen supply to uterus muscle tissues, thereby resulting in severe pain.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) refers to the heavy bleeding in the vagina, which is caused by hormonal changes in the body. Excessive loss of blood during dysfunctional uterine bleeding can result in interference in the emotional wellbeing, physical health and social and material life of the woman. It happens to set in when eggs are not released by the ovaries. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is characterized by excessive bleeding or spotting from the vagina, periods that are apart by less than 28 days or more than 35 days, changing interval between successive periods, and bleeding that lasts for longer than usual or for more than seven days. Other major symptoms of the disorder include excessive hair growth on the body, mood swings, hot flashes and dryness and tenderness in the vagina.

Hair Loss

Appearance of bald patches on the scalp or thinning of hair is referred to as hair loss. There are several reasons that may cause hair loss, including genetics, stress, illness, diet, compulsive pulling of hair, tight braids or ponytails, and use of hot hair irons can result in hair loss. In certain cases, iron deficiency may result in loss of hair. Some women may experience hair fall after giving birth. Hereditary thinning of hair is one of the most common causes of hair loss, affecting both men and women. A receding hair line and appearance of bald patches are common symptoms of the condition. Alopecia areata, an autoimmune condition, is another possible reason in which an individual may lose hair. Certain illnesses, ringworm, and some cancer treatments also result in loss of hair.

Melasma

Melasma refers to the skin discoloration or tanning, often seen in the case of pregnant women though it can affect anyone. Pregnant women and those who are taking oral contraceptives often complain of melasma. It is a non-threatening skin condition and the discoloration may go away on its own after stopping usage of oral contraceptives or after giving birth to a baby. Experts feel that melasma gets triggered by female sex hormones progesterone and estrogen that stimulate melanocytes (the cells that produce pigment that gives skin its color) to produce more melanin pigment. Women having dark skin color and live in regions having harsh sun exposure are particularly susceptible to melasma.

Menopausal Syndrome

Menopausal Syndrome or menopause refers to the cessation of menstruation in a woman. It signifies the end of fertile phase in a woman’s life when the ovaries simply stop functioning. The age of onset of menopause differs in all women, while the average age of onset of menopause is 51 years . In some women it can occur as early as in 30s or in late 60s in case of others. There is no relation of menopause with the age of onset of menstruation. As menopause approaches, the menstrual cycles become irregular, the menstrual flow diminishes, osteoporosis may set in and some women experience hot flushes and vaginal atrophy. The women who have their ovaries removed due to any reason enter into menopause automatically. No link has been established between menopause and emotional disturbances.

Fibroadenoma

Fibroadenoma is a lump composed of glandular or fibrous tissue with clearly defined edge in the breast. Fibroadenoma is also termed as breast mice or breast mouse for the fact that it is highly mobile in the breast and would often run away if an attempt is made to touch it. Though it is non-cancerous, a doctor may still recommend biopsy on spotting it. There can be multiple fibroadenomas in the breasts. These are typically an inch in diameter and the ones bigger than that are called giant fibroadenomas. While the cause of these painless lumps is not known as of now, changes in reproductive hormones are thought to be the major reason behind them. In most of the cases, fibroadenomas are left as such, though periodic monitoring is done. In some of the cases, surgical intervention is required to remove the lump. However, the tissue might be examined to check if there is any cancerous growth.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a painful gynecological disorder which is characterized by growth of the lining of the uterus outside instead of inside. Around 6 – 10 percent of all women are affected by this disorder. It can involve the ovaries, tissues around the pelvis or the bowel. In rare cases, it may spread beyond the pelvic region. In endometriosis, the displaced tissue would thicken, break down and bleed with each menstruation cycle. However, since the tissue has no exit, it tends to get trapped. In case the ovaries are involved, cysts name endometriomas can get formed. The condition causes severe pain and there can be fertility problems. While the exact cause behind endometriosis is not yet determined, there is speculation on possible causes that may include retrograde menstruation, embryonic cell growth, surgical scar implantation, and a disorder of the immune system.

Hair Loss

Appearance of bald patches on the scalp or thinning of hair is referred to as hair loss. There are several reasons that may cause hair loss, including genetics, stress, illness, diet, compulsive pulling of hair, tight braids or ponytails, and use of hot hair irons can result in hair loss. In certain cases, iron deficiency may result in loss of hair. Some women may experience hair fall after giving birth. Hereditary thinning of hair is one of the most common causes of hair loss, affecting both men and women. A receding hair line and appearance of bald patches are common symptoms of the condition. Alopecia areata, an autoimmune condition, is another possible reason in which an individual may lose hair. Certain illnesses, ringworm, and some cancer treatments also result in loss of hair.

Sterility

Sterility refers to the biological incapability of an individual to bear a child. It may also refer to the inability of a woman to carry pregnancy to its full term. Sterility is often caused due to biological reasons, some of which can be treated with medical intervention. Men and women have an equal share of sterility cases at 40 percent each, while the remaining 20 percent cases are caused due to the complications in both men and women. There are certain general causes, those specific to women and those specific to men. General causes include DNA damage, diabetes, thyroid disorders, adrenal disease, toxins and smoking. Certain causes are specific to females, such as ovulation problems, tubal blockage, uterine problems, endometriosis and age related factors. Low semen quality, hormone imbalance, and testicular malformations are likely causes of infertility in men.

Oligospermia

Oligospermia refers to the condition in which the semen of a male has low concentration of sperms. It is a common cause of male infertility. Normal sperm count is between 20 million sperms per millimeter to 120 million sperms per millimeter of the semen. Less than 20 million sperms per millimeter of semen is termed as oligospermia. It needs to be noted that the concentration of sperms can fluctuate and the condition itself can be temporary or permanent. There are certain conditions in which the male testes produce poor quality semen. These conditions include age, genetic conditions, abnormal set of chromosomes, trauma, malaria, varicocele, Neoplasm and Cryptorchidism. Treatment methods include use of antibiotics if there is any infection, surgical correction in case of varicocele, vas deferens obstruction or hydrocele. Men with pituitary hypogonadism can opt for using FSH to seek improvement in sperm concentration.

Prostate Enlargement

The prostate gland is a male reproductive gland whose main function is to produce the liquid which carries the sperms during ejaculation. It is located between the bladder and the penis and tends to get enlarged in older men. When enlarged, it can affect the process of passing urine as it leads to difficulty in urination and difficulty in completely emptying the bladder with a frequent need of urination. As per estimates, around 60 percent of men above the age of 60 years tend to have varying degrees of prostate enlargement. While prostate enlargement is not a major threat to one’s health, it results in mild to severe discomfort. In certain cases, it results in tremendous discomfort, affecting the quality of one’s life quite seriously. Treatment methods include changes in lifestyle like giving up on caffeine and alcohol, medication and surgery.

Prostatitis

Prostatitis refers to the inflammation of the prostate gland, a walnut sized gland which produces the fluid with sperms. There are few types of Prostatitis: acute, chronic, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic inflammatory Prostatitis. It leads to intense pain during urination, pain in the groin, pelvic area and in certain cases, flu-like symptoms. It may be caused by bacterial infection, immune system disorder, nervous system disorder or an injury to the prostate area. Prominent risk factors for Prostatitis include being a middle aged man, having an infection in the bladder, dehydration, contacting HIV/AIDS, being under psychological stress or family history of the disease. Common treatment methods include administrating antibiotics, alpha blockers, and pain relievers to the patients. Prostate massage is found to be effective against it as well, though there is some doubt regarding its effectiveness in this regard.

Premature Ejaculation

Premature Ejaculation is a condition in which a man reaches orgasm much before he or his partner would want. The most common causes of premature ejaculation are performance anxiety and excessive stimulation. Certain psychological factors like guilt might be at play. Prolonged premature ejaculation can lead to dissatisfaction in the partners. It can result in sexual tension and other issues in the relationship as well. While this disorder cannot be prevented, it can be prevented from recurring with relaxation. It is worthwhile to contact your doctor in case the condition persists for long.

Nightfall

Nightfall refers to a common health disorder among men when one experiences spontaneous orgasm in sleep. The male would have an involuntary erection and ejaculate while sleeping. It is common among teenage males, some young people set to enter puberty and some older men. When ignored, nightfall can turn into a serious health hazard and can even alter the reproductive ability of a man. The major causes of nightfall are fantasizing about lovemaking, suppressing the urge to urinate, certain dreams, high testosterone levels in the body and weak parasympathetic nervous system functioning. Relaxing and indulging in recreation exercises before going to bed can help the individuals suffering nightfall. To prevent the condition from degenerate into something serious, one should contact a qualified physician in case the problem persists for too long.

Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis refers to the allergic inflammation of the nasal airways and is triggered by allergens such as animal dander, pollen or dust. Individuals having sensitive immune system are highly susceptible to allergic rhinitis. When plant pollen is the culprit behind triggering of allergy bout, it is called pollinosis and when caused by grass pollen, it is termed as hay fever. Allergies are pretty common everywhere and a large portion of the general population is hounded by one form or another. It is estimated that one third of the populace is allergic to something or the other and around three-fourths have developed allergic reaction to something at least once in their entire lifetime. Allergic rhinitis can be perennial or seasonal. While perennial allergic rhinitis can get triggered at any time of the year, seasonal allergic rhinitis occurs during specific seasons.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis refers to the inflammation or swelling of the sinuses tissues. Under normal circumstances air fills the sinuses, but when these get filled with liquid, germs such as bacteria, fungus and virus start growing there, causing infection. Sinusitis is a pretty common condition that affects millions across the globe every year. Sinusitis can set in due to common cold, a deviated septum, or allergic rhinitis (swelling in the nose lining).

Different types of sinusitis are as follows:
• 1. Acute sinusitis: Acute sinusitis is characterized by sudden onset of symptoms often related with cold such as a running nose and facial pain. This condition lasts for less than four weeks.
• 2. Subacute sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinuses lasting between four and eight weeks is termed as Subacute sinusitis.
• 3. Chronic sinusitis: Chronic sinusitis refers to sinusitis inflammation that lasts more than eight weeks.
• 4. Recurrent sinusitis: Sinusitis inflammation that results in several attacks every year is termed as recurrent sinusitis.

Chronic Bronchitis

The chronic inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs is termed as chronic bronchitis. It results in persistent cough accompanied by mucus and sputum (phlegm) for a period of three months for consecutive two years. Shortness of breath and wheezing are also reported in patients of the diseases. The major cause of chronic bronchitis is tobacco smoking, which incidentally is the culprit behind a host of other diseases. Long term fume inhalation and pneumoconiosis are the other two major reasons of chronic bronchitis. Presence of dry cough, wheezing, breathing sounds and prolonged exhalation is accepted as evidence of the disease.

Asthma

Asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the airways, results in breathing problems that can make the lives of the patients terrible. A combination of environmental as well as genetic factors is understood to cause this problem. A spurt in asthma attacks overall has been witnessed in the past few years, which is being attributed to the changing environment and heritable factors. The development and exacerbation of asthma is associated with certain environmental factors such as air pollution, allergens and chemicals present in the air. Traffic pollution and increased ozone levels in the air contribute to the development of the disease and worsening of its symptoms. Children of women who smoke during pregnancy are known to develop this disease. Asthma patients complain of shortness of breath, chest tightening, coughing, and wheezing . These symptoms tend to worsen at night or during early morning.

Urticaria

Urticaria, also known by the name hives, is an allergic reaction that results in skin rashes in the form of pale red and itchy bumps, often accompanied by a burning sensation. Rashes that persist for a period of six weeks or lesser are caused by allergic triggers, while those lasting even longer than that are caused by non-allergic triggers. While the researchers are unsure about the exact cause of urticaria, they point at autoimmunity and acute viral inflammation as possible reasons. Other causes include exercise, temperature extremes, sunlight, and friction.

There are two types of urticaria:
• 1. Acute urticaria: Swelling that lasts less than six weeks is termed as acute urticaria. Triggers that can cause acute urticaria include foods such as fish, tomatoes, fish, eggs, berries, wheat and milk. Besides that, certain medicines, internal diseases and insect bites too are likely culprits.
• 2. Chronic urticaria: Swelling that persists more than six weeks is called chronic urticaria. Most likely causes are autoimmunity, malignancy and hormonal disorders.

Wheat Allergy

Wheat allergy refers to the allergy to food items that contain wheat. This type of allergy is one of the most common food allergies that hound children. Food items such as beer, breads, cakes, cereals, pasta, soy sauce and ketchup contain varying amounts of wheat. While it is not common among adolescents and adults, it may develop among infants and toddlers, who tend to outgrow it when they grow old. Wheat allergy might set in when the immune system of the body mistakes the proteins found in wheat for harmful substance and releases antibodies to protect it from toxic substances, bacteria or viruses. As a result, whenever someone allergic to wheat consumes it accidentally, the body launches an attack against it, thereby triggering an allergic reaction.

Milk intolerance

Milk Intolerance refers to inability of an individual to digest lactose, a sugar present in milk. It cannot be classified as a disorder, but can be called a characteristic determined by genetic mark-up. The lactose intolerance can be attributed to the lack of lactase, an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the digestion of lactose and breaking it down into simpler sugars like galactose and glucose. Milk Intolerance or more specifically lactose intolerance, is characterized by abdominal bloating, cramps, diarrhea and nausea after consumption of lactose in a large quantity. As per estimates, close to 75 percent of adults worldwide have milk intolerance. While more than 90 percent individuals in certain Asian and African countries, those in Europe, India and countries in Africa have lactose persistence.

Adenoids

Adenoids are bunches of spongy tissue located at the back of the nasal cavity, just above the roof of the mouth. Their primary function is to prevent kids from falling sick, but when they get enlarged they can get really messy and disrupt normal breathing. The functioning of adenoids is somewhat similar to that of tonsils. These help in filtering out harmful bacteria and viruses. The adenoids house cells that contain antibodies which help the body in fighting infections. While these are important for kids to remain healthy, their role tends to start diminishing once the kids get older. If a child complains about difficulty in breathing, breathes noisily, snores or stops breathing for few seconds every now and then, get him or her checked for enlarged adenoids. The doctor may observe the condition of the child via X-ray and suggest further treatment, including surgery.

Polyps

Polyps refer to the abnormal tissue growths, which project out of the mucous membrane. These can be attached to the mucous membrane with or without a stalk. Common sites where polyps are generally found include cervix, colon, nose, small intestine, stomach, sinuses, urinary bladder and uterus. While majority of polyps are harmless, some of them can be malignant as well. The different types of polyps include nasal polyps, cervical polyps, colorectal polyps, and endometrial polyps. The risk of polyps developing into malignant cancer is highest in the case of polyps of the colon. The nasal polyps can be detected with nasal endoscopy, imaging studies and allergy tests. Colonoscopy is primarily diagnosed with colorectal polyps, while endometrial polyps are diagnosed with ultrasound.

Acne

Acne is a pretty common skin disease that results in scaly red skin, whiteheads and blackheads, pimples, and pinheads, often accompanied with scarring. The face, upper chest and the back are the most commonly affected areas with acne. In most of the cases, acne sets in during adolescence and may even carry on into adulthood. Increase in testosterone levels in the body during adolescence is the major culprit behind acne. Acne starts diminishing with age and in majority of individuals acne disappears by the age of 25. However, one can never predict by what age acne will disappear completely. Some individuals are known to carry the disease in their thirties and forties.

Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a skin condition that is characterized by loss in its pigmentation. The condition is attributed to the death of melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin pigmentation. The exact reason behind vitiligo is unknown, but autoimmunity, oxidative stress and genetic, viral or neural causes are suspected as the likely culprits behind the condition. Less than one percent of world population is known to be affected by vitiligo. Though this rare skin condition does not cause any physical discomfort, the discolored skin patches are often itchy. The part of the skin that becomes pale due to vitiligo gets vulnerable to sunburn when exposed to direct sunlight.

There are two types of vitiligo
• 1. Segmental vitiligo: Occurrence of white skin patches on one part of the body. It is less common form of vitiligo
• 2. Non segmental vitiligo: Occurrence of symmetrical white skin patches all over the body.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a skin related, immune-mediated disease (one that is caused by abnormal functioning of the immune system of the body), which results in silvery-white appearance. There are certain treatment methods to suppress the symptoms. Though this disease is not contagious, it leads to other health scares such as stroke. Psoriasis is known to set in when the immune system of the body mistakes healthy cells for pathogens and starts sending signals that result in the overproduction of more skin cells. This overproduction of skin cells results in accumulation of skin at certain body parts. It may affect skin on the scalp, knees, elbows, genitals, and soles of feet. The different types of psoriasis include plaque, erythrodermic, pustular, guttate and inverse. Symptoms of the disease include plaque covered with silvery scales, mild to thick scaling on scalp, pits in the nails, discoloration of toenails and that of fingernails in some cases.

Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic Dermatitis is a form of eczema which is highly itching, can relapse, but is not contagious. The patients of atopic dermatitis report abnormal reaction of skin to environmental allergens, irritants and even food items. It can lead to skin redness, scratching and flakiness. Skin of patients of atopic dermatitis becomes susceptible to bacterial infection. Skin that touches the joint bends such as that on the interior of knees and elbows is most likely to get affected by the disorder. This disorder may accompany other diseases such as asthma, allergic conjunctivitis and hay fever. The causes of the disease are not entirely well known and there is no specific cure for it. However, one can opt for drug therapy to prevent it from triggering. In most cases, Atopic Dermatitis kicks in childhood and may persist through adulthood. It is estimated that around three-fourth of all cases improve by the time a child reaches adolescence.

Dermatitis

Dermatitis, meaning skin inflammation, refers to a range of skin ailments that result in dry, red and itchy skin. In some of the cases blisters or crusty scales may set in, which may ooze fluid. Several types of allergens, health conditions and genetics may cause skin rashes. The dermatitis symptoms tend to vary with the different types of the disease. There are three major types of dermatitis: Contact Dermatitis: Skin inflammation that sets in when the body comes in contact with an irritant like plants or plant based products such as poison ivy, fruits, vegetables, herbs, flowers, metals, rubber, hair dyes and fragrances, is termed as contact dermatitis. Nummular Dermatitis: Nummular Dermatitis is characterized by oval or round lesions. This condition is neither contagious nor linked with food allergies. Atopic Dermatitis: Atopic dermatitis leads to terrible itching, redness and flakes on skin. It is known to be caused by allergens, food and irritants.

Hyper Pigmentation

Hyper pigmentation refers to appearance of dark spots on the skin when there is excess production of melanin. It usually leads to black or brown patches and an uneven skin tone. It might be caused by overexposure to sun, inflammation or due to skin injuries. Hyper pigmentation can either be focal or diffuse and face and back of hands are most commonly affected by it. The most common type of hyper pigmentation is age spot, caused by radiation of the sun. Another common type of the skin condition is melasma, which affects pregnant women. A dermatologist may examine the dark spots on the skin and recommend a treatment. Possible treatment methods include skin peeling, application of dry ice, and laser application. Over the counter medications such as skin lighteners can help in removing excess melanin and slowing down melanin production.

Melasma

Melasma refers to the skin discoloration or tanning, often seen in the case of pregnant women though it can affect anyone. Pregnant women and those who are taking oral contraceptives often complain of melasma. It is a non-threatening skin condition and the discoloration may go away on its own after stopping usage of oral contraceptives or after giving birth to a baby. Experts feel that melasma gets triggered by female sex hormones progesterone and estrogen that stimulate melanocytes (the cells that produce pigment that gives skin its color) to produce more melanin pigment. Women having dark skin color and live in regions having harsh sun exposure are particularly susceptible to melasma.

Freckles

Freckles are clusters of tanned circular spots on the skin. These are more prominent on the skin of fair people and tend to develop on the skin in a random manner. These can get aggravated owing to exposure to sun. Freckles set in when there is concentration of melanin under the skin and are of the size of head of nails. The color and distribution of freckles is mostly uniform, and these may have yellow, red, black or brown color. Their color gets dark during summers and lightens during winters. Freckles do not signify any serious skin problem, but tend to be mistaken for moles in many cases. While these do not lead to skin cancer, the disease may masquerade itself as freckles. Certain treatment methods can help in lightening or complete elimination of freckles.

Alopecia Areata

Alopecia Areata or spot baldness is the loss of hair from some or all body parts, especially from the scalp. In rare cases, it spreads to the entire epidermis (skin) or to the entire scalp. Around 20 percent of patients have a family history of this condition. Autoimmune condition is the most likely culprit behind alopecia areata. Men, women as well as children are known to get affected by Alopecia Areata. A major event in one’s life such as pregnancy, trauma or illness can lead to hair loss in some of the patients. In case the hair loss is limited, it is possible that the hair may grow back on its own after some time.

Warts

Rough skin growth on the feet and hands resembling blisters is referred to as warts. Viral infection, specifically due to various types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main culprit behind warts. There are ten different types of warts and the most common one is harmless. These can last for several years altogether or may disappear within few months. Most prevalent types of warts include Common Wart, Flat Wart, Genital Wart, Mosaic Wart, Plantar Wart, Filiform Wart, and Periungal Wart. These may grow on any body part. Warts are contagious and one may catch them from affected patients by sharing personal items like towels and razors.

Anxiety Neurosis

Anxiety neurosis is a common type of psychoneurosis, which involves distress but not accompanied by hallucinations and delusion. Patients of this mental disorder have imaginary fears and feel as if they are losing control of their lives. Such people are extremely anxious and become panicky in certain situations that they feel are not in their control. Perceived dangers, irrational fears, inability in dealing with normal stress in life are major culprits behind anxiety neurosis. Anxiety neurosis is characterized by feeling of impending doom, despair, confinement and suspense. Besides that, one may experience panic attacks, anxiousness about future, chest pain, a racing heart, sweating, nausea, unpleasant thoughts and depression. The disorder is considered to be a combination of actions of behavioral system, the mental system and the physical system in response to anxiety. Treatment methods include cognitive behavior therapy, exposure therapy, hypnosis, medication, meditation, and self help exercises.

Depression

An individual is said to be suffering from depression when he or she experiences hopelessness, helplessness, loss of interest in activities otherwise enjoyable, changes in sleep patterns, weight loss, loss of zing, self loathing, and problem in concentrating or making decisions. Such an individual tends to feel suicidal and needs to be provided immediate help. Men, women, teens and elders could get depressed due to disparate reasons. Patients of depression often exhibit loss in interest in former pastimes, hobbies, sex and social activities. They may turn insomniacs or sleep too much, lose or gain too much weight, get easily agitated, fatigued and sluggish. They criticize themselves for past mistakes and faults, turn to escapist behavior, drug abuse and have trouble focusing on simple tasks. Possible treatment methods include medication, behavior therapy, meditation and exercising.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder signified by thought process breakdown and lack of emotional response to typical situations. Weird delusions, paranoid behavior, hallucinations and thought disorder are the most likely symptoms of schizophrenia. The disorder affects less than one percent of total global population and its symptoms start surfacing during adulthood. The patient’s reported experience and his or her behavior form the basis of diagnosis. Major contributing factors are genetics, neurobiology, early environment, and social and psychological processes. Drug abuse is also known to induce or worsen the symptoms of schizophrenia. The treatment of the disorder is based on antipsychotic medication aimed at suppressing the receptor activity of dopamine and serotonin. In some of the cases, the patients may become violent and threat to others and may have to be moved to hospital for their own good and that of the others.

Examination Stress

Ever experienced butterflies in the stomach just before exams, faced difficulty in sleeping, getting irritated, trembling or being unable to concentrate? Well, it might be examination stress. Stress during exams is natural and up to a certain level, it might be fruitful as it drives the person taking up an exam to perform better. However, some individuals may crack under excess pressure and start behaving weirdly. There is a significant decline in their quality of performance owing to huge amount of stress, which forms a vicious circle, where one thing leads to another. Examinees may suffer panic attacks just before appearing in exam and may completely forget whatever they might have learned when taking tests. Individuals experiencing examination stress ought to have breakfast before the examination or lunch, in case it is scheduled later. They should avoid studying all night, stay relaxed, drink plenty of water and avoid analyzing their performance after taking the exam.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

I.B.S. or Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a common disorder of the digestive system that affects the large intestine. It is characterized by bloating, diarrhea, stomach cramps and constipation. Bouts of IBS are experienced during stress or after consuming certain types of food items. Though the symptoms of IBS can be pretty uncomfortable, these do not cause any permanent damage to the colon. In some of the cases, IBS can be disabling, while most patients learn to cope up with it with time. While the exact cause behind IBS is unknown, experts theorize that it may set in due to miscommunication of the brain with the gastrointestinal tract. Certain conditions like bile acid malabsorption, celiac disease, fructose malabsorption, inflammatory bowel diseases and bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder, which is characterized by unwelcome involuntary thoughts that result in apprehension, fear, and worry and/or repetitive behaviors otherwise aimed at reduction of the associated anxiety. While an obsession is generally associated with something pleasant and enjoyable, the obsession in case of OCD may be frightening and unpleasant. The symptoms of OCD include repetitive checking; excessive cleaning or washing; extreme hoarding; nervous rituals like performing an activity several times before proceeding; and preoccupation with religious, sexual and violent thoughts. These symptoms are often time consuming and irritating and can result in financial as well as economic distress. OCD sufferers are known to be above-average intelligent, tend to have an eye for details, avert risks, plan carefully and take some time to arrive at decisions. Biological and psychological factors are known to be behind the disorder.

Mania

Mania is a state of mind characterized by severe mood swings pretty rapidly, where one is extremely happy at one moment and immensely angry, hostile and irritable in the other. It is perceived as an important symptom for diagnosis of certain psychological conditions. It may set in due to malignancy, drug intoxication (methamphetamine and cocaine etc), side effects of certain drugs like SSRIs and steroids. There are two forms of mania, hypomania (mild mania) and full scale mania that is characterized by psychotic features like aggression, catatonic behavior, delusion, hallucinations, and preoccupation with thoughts. It is easy to mistake maniacs for substance abusers for their erratic behavior. Such persons are known to possess tremendous artistic talent and creativity. The cause of mania is unknown and researchers speculate amount of dopamine, glutamate, norepinephrine and gamma-amunobutryic acid might have something to do with the condition.

Behavior Disorders

All sorts of behavior disorders hound people around the globe. Children as well as adults are found to be patients of myriad behavior disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder, anxiety, panic attacks, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Conduct Disorder (CD). Treatment of these disorders can include medication, education and therapy or a combination of two or all of them. Some symptoms might be common across all the disorders, so correct diagnosis could be difficult as well as time consuming. It is possible that a child may have multiple disorders at the same time, thereby making things too complex. Some factors that may exacerbate the condition of the patient include substance abuse, family difficulties and emotional problems. Boys are more prone to such disorders, though the exact reason behind why so happens is unknown. At times, low birth weight, premature birth and difficult pregnancy can be the reason behind such behavior disorders.

Stage fright

Stage fright is the anxiety or fear experienced by an individual when required to perform in the front of a crowd. Stage fright includes the fear of performing in front of an actual crowd or perceived, such as in the case of performing in front of a camera. One may experience social fright without having any other problem or it may be the part of a social anxiety disorder or any other social phobia. Stage fright is observed in people across diverse backgrounds, including politicians, musicians, and actors. Even the individuals with years of experience in public speaking might not be immune to it. School students are particularly affected by it and tend to get cold when it comes to delivering speeches. Major symptoms of the condition include blushing, dry mouth, racing heart, increase in blood pressure, a shaking voice, and nausea.

Arthritis

Arthritis is a joint disorder which is characterized by inflammation of the joints. This disorder has over 100 different types, with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis being the most prominent ones. Traditionally considered as the disease of the elderly, it can affect individuals in any age group. It affects millions across the globe irrespective of their racial background, age or sex. Severe pain in the joints is the most common complaint by sufferers of arthritis. Some of the common symptoms of arthritis include intense pain, joint stiffness, swelling, difficulty in using the hands or even walking, loss of weight, tiredness, tenderness, poor sleep and muscle aches and pains. Arthritis renders individuals physically inactive, obese, and at high risk of heart diseases. Patients of this disease are especially vulnerable to depression. While there is no care available for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, one may experience relief with certain lifestyle changes, medications, orthopedic braces and joint replacement. Reduction in inflammation with medications results in decrease in pain.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systematic autoimmune disease that is often highly painful and disabling. It tends to affect many body tissues as well as organs. However, the flexible joints are among its primary targets. In case adequate treatment is not administered to the patients, they may face tremendous difficulty in performing normal chores and their mobility can be severely hampered. The worsening of the disease can be slowed with pharmacological as well as non pharmacological treatment methods. Pharmacological treatment methods include anti-inflammatory drugs and painkillers. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have been found to be pretty effective against Rheumatoid arthritis. Physical therapy, nutritional therapy, occupational therapy and orthoses are the major non pharmacological treatment methods. Women are twice more likely to be affected by Rheumatoid arthritis. The condition is a form of autoimmunity, while the cause of the same is unknown. No evidence has been found between emotional or physical stress with the condition.

Gout

Gout is an extremely painful condition, which is characterized by attacks of arthritis and result in red, hot, swollen and tender joint. It is referred to as podagra when the big toe is involved. The sharp increase in the levels of uric acid in the blood is the culprit behind this condition. It tends to crystallize and gets deposited in joints, tendons and the tissues that surround them, thereby resulting in debilitating pain. Gout attack victims can expect some relief with steroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or colchicines. Certain lifestyle changes can be effective in obtaining long term relief once the symptoms of the condition subside. Around 1-2 percent of the population in the West is believed to have been affected by gout once in their entire lifetime. Also known as ‘rich man’s disease’, it is linked to diet changes and increase in life expectancy.

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis or Bechtrew’s Disease is the chronic inflammation of the axial skeleton that affects the sacroiliac joint in the pelvis and joints in the spine. Ankylosing spondylitis is a sub type of spondyloarthritis, which in turn is chronic arthritis, thought to be a resultant of immune systems at play. It can lead to stiffening of the spine, rendering the patient in tremendous pain and having difficulty in moving. No cure has been found for Ankylosing spondylitis. However, certain medications and other treatment methods can help in obtaining relief from pain and symptoms. The symptoms tend to start appearing by 23 years of age when the patient starts experiencing stiffness in parts or the entire spine, accompanied by chronic pain. Less than half of the patients experience inflammation in the eye, redness and pain in the eye, loss of vision and photophobia.

Cervical Spondylitis

Cervical spondylitis refers to wear and tear in the neck with age. It happens to affect the bones as well as the tissues in the neck. Some of the most common symptoms of the condition are terrible pain in the neck, headaches and stiffness. In rare cases, it tends to result in pain in the arms, numbness in the legs and hands, loss in coordination and facing difficulty while walking. The most likely causes of cervical spondylitis are wear and tear in the tissues and bones that constitute the spine. Ligaments tend to stiffen and the discs in the spine get dried out. As per estimates, nine out of ten adults have varying degrees of cervical spondylitis, but they may not experience the symptoms. It is diagnosed using X-ray scan and MRI scan of the neck. It is treated with a combination of exercises, self care techniques, maintaining proper posture while sitting and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Sciatica

Sciatica is the name given to a painful condition that sets in due to the compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve, the longest nerve in the body. This nerve runs from the back of the pelvis, passes through the buttocks and goes down the legs and ends at feet. When the nerve is compressed or irritated by anything, it results in pain in lower back down the leg up to the calf. Some of the most common symptoms of the condition include pain in the lower back or leg, which worsens upon sitting, burning or tingling sensation in the leg, weakness and numbness in the leg or foot, chronic pain on the either side of the rear, and a terrible pain that can make it difficult to stand up. One can experience relief with exercise, hot or cold packs and over-the-counter painkillers.

Renal failure

Renal failure refers to the inability of the kidneys to filter the waste products from the blood. Renal failure may set in due to an internal injury or due to chronic kidney disease. While the former is treatable with the help of proper treatment, the latter is often irreversible. Renal failure is characterized by reduction or absence of urine production, leading to accumulation of waste products in the body which can be deadly. The possible causes of acute renal failure are heavy blood loss due to an injury or an infection, dehydration, damage due to poisons, infections and some medicines, blockage like kidney stones, tumor, injury or an enlarged prostate. Older adults or individuals with health concerns like liver or kidney disease, obesity, heart failure or diabetes are at high risk of renal failure.

Lumbago

Lumbago refers to pain in the lower back that leads to mild to severe discomfort. It is termed as acute if it is sudden and severe, or chronic when the pain lasts for a long time. It is quite common in young individuals involved in heavy physical work and elders of retirement age. While it might not be possible to identify the exact reason behind the pain, the specific cause can be pointed to a specific problem. There are a variety of conditions that may result in lumbago, including Apophyseal osteoarthritis, Degenerative discs, slipped discs, Spondylolisthesis, Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, Scheuermann's kyphosis, fracture, misaligned pelvis, Rheumatoid arthritis, infection, bone tumors, Intradural spinal tumors, Osteoporotic fractures, Tension myositis syndrome, Pelvic/abdominal disease, Posture or prostate cancer. The diagnosis of lumbago is difficult owing to the fact that lower back is comprises of a complex network of ligaments, soft tissues, tendons, bones, joints, discs and nerves. All of these are interwoven to make up the spinal structure.

Prostate Enlargement

The prostate gland is a male reproductive gland whose main function is to produce the liquid which carries the sperms during ejaculation. It is located between the bladder and the penis and tends to get enlarged in older men. When enlarged, it can affect the process of passing urine as it leads to difficulty in urination and difficulty in completely emptying the bladder with a frequent need of urination. As per estimates, around 60 percent of men above the age of 60 years tend to have varying degrees of prostate enlargement. While prostate enlargement is not a major threat to one’s health, it results in mild to severe discomfort. In certain cases, it results in tremendous discomfort, affecting the quality of one’s life quite seriously. Treatment methods include changes in lifestyle like giving up on caffeine and alcohol, medication and surgery.

Prostatitis

Prostatitis refers to the inflammation of the prostate gland, a walnut sized gland which produces the fluid with sperms. There are few types of Prostatitis: acute, chronic, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic inflammatory Prostatitis. It leads to intense pain during urination, pain in the groin, pelvic area and in certain cases, flu-like symptoms. It may be caused by bacterial infection, immune system disorder, nervous system disorder or an injury to the prostate area. Prominent risk factors for Prostatitis include being a middle aged man, having an infection in the bladder, dehydration, contacting HIV/AIDS, being under psychological stress or family history of the disease. Common treatment methods include administrating antibiotics, alpha blockers, and pain relievers to the patients. Prostate massage is found to be effective against it as well, though there is some doubt regarding its effectiveness in this regard.

Migraine

Migraine is a throbbing pain in the head, usually accompanied by vomiting, nausea and visual problems such as extreme sensitivity to light. Migraine attacks can be quite debilitating, making the sufferers bedridden for days. Migraine is a common health problem, affecting a significant number of adults globally. At times, the headache is present in only side and is pulsating in nature. Migraine is often preceded by an aura, characterized by light flashes, blind spots and a tingling sensation in your arm or leg. It is quite possible that one may experience with little or no accompanying headache. A mix of genetic and environmental factors is believed to be behind migraines. Around two-thirds of the patients have a family history of migraine. More boys are affected by the condition than girls before the onset of puberty, but two to three times women are affected by it than men.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the disorder of the joints that may affect joints in the hands, knees, lower back, neck and the hips. It leads to a severe pain in the joints, locking, stiffness, tenderness and joint effusion. Hereditary, mechanical, metabolic and developmental defects are suspected of initiating the loss of cartilage that results in the damage to the joints. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting around 27 million people in the United States and around 8 million people in the UK. Treatment methods involve lifestyle modification, exercise and medicines.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systematic autoimmune disease that is often highly painful and disabling. It tends to affect many body tissues as well as organs. However, the flexible joints are among its primary targets. In case adequate treatment is not administered to the patients, they may face tremendous difficulty in performing normal chores and their mobility can be severely hampered. The worsening of the disease can be slowed with pharmacological as well as non pharmacological treatment methods. Pharmacological treatment methods include anti-inflammatory drugs and painkillers. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have been found to be pretty effective against Rheumatoid arthritis. Physical therapy, nutritional therapy, occupational therapy and orthoses are the major non pharmacological treatment methods. Women are twice more likely to be affected by Rheumatoid arthritis. The condition is a form of autoimmunity, while the cause of the same is unknown. No evidence has been found between emotional or physical stress with the condition.

Gout

Gout is an extremely painful condition, which is characterized by attacks of arthritis and result in red, hot, swollen and tender joint. It is referred to as podagra when the big toe is involved. The sharp increase in the levels of uric acid in the blood is the culprit behind this condition. It tends to crystallize and gets deposited in joints, tendons and the tissues that surround them, thereby resulting in debilitating pain. Gout attack victims can expect some relief with steroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or colchicines. Certain lifestyle changes can be effective in obtaining long term relief once the symptoms of the condition subside. Around 1-2 percent of the population in the West is believed to have been affected by gout once in their entire lifetime. Also known as ‘rich man’s disease’, it is linked to diet changes and increase in life expectancy.

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis or Bechtrew’s Disease is the chronic inflammation of the axial skeleton that affects the sacroiliac joint in the pelvis and joints in the spine. Ankylosing spondylitis is a sub type of spondyloarthritis, which in turn is chronic arthritis, thought to be a resultant of immune systems at play. It can lead to stiffening of the spine, rendering the patient in tremendous pain and having difficulty in moving. No cure has been found for Ankylosing spondylitis. However, certain medications and other treatment methods can help in obtaining relief from pain and symptoms. The symptoms tend to start appearing by 23 years of age when the patient starts experiencing stiffness in parts or the entire spine, accompanied by chronic pain. Less than half of the patients experience inflammation in the eye, redness and pain in the eye, loss of vision and photophobia.

Obesity

Obesity is a worrying health condition that is characterized by excessive accumulation of fat on the human body. It can have a significant negative impact on the body, including reduced life expectancy and a number of other health problems including heart disease, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea and cancer. Originally perceived as a symbol of wealth, obesity has degenerated into one of the biggest health scares for the human race, particularly in the developed and developing world. An individual is considered to be obese when his or her body mass index, a measurement of body weight in kilogram divided by the square of height in meters, is over 30. Primary causes of obesity include lack of physical activity, genetic factors, and excessive food intake. It can be tackled by fine tuning eating habits, exercising, anti-obesity drugs and gastric surgery.

Diabetes

Diabetes or diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases which affects how the body makes use of blood sugar. The bodies of diabetes patients do not simply produce enough insulin, or do not respond to the insulin produced or both. This results in high amount of glucose, which often leads to many other health problems, crippling the life of the patient. Diabetes is the more prominent form of diabetes, making up 90 percent of all the cases. In this case, the cells in the body aren’t responsive enough to insulin. It is a progressive disease and symptoms tend to get worse with time. Overweight, obese and physically inactive persons are at high risk of falling pretty to the disease.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland ceases to produce enough thyroid hormone as required by the body. Thyroid hormone regulates the metabolism of the body, thereby affecting almost every other organ in the human body. In case the body is not producing sufficient amount of thyroid, the bodily functions tend to slow down and there is serious impact on the overall health. Women are more likely to fall victim to hypothyroidism rather than men. Several health problems can set in the body owing to hypothyroidism, including pain in the joints, infertility, obesity and heart disease. It may be caused due to certain medications, inflammation of the thyroid, radiation treatment, or hypothyroidism which is present by birth. Common symptoms of the disease include fatigue, heightened sensitivity to cold, dry skin, hoarseness, muscle weakness, aches, stiffness and tenderness, pain in the joints, irregular or heavier than normal menstrual periods, depression, thinning of hair and slowed heart rate.

Kidney stones

Kidney stones are small, stone like formations that can develop in either or both the kidneys. These formations are made up of acid salts and minerals and tend to deposit in the kidneys over time when the urine is concentrated. Quite often, these stones are painful, but rarely cause any permanent damage to the urinary tract. Small stones can be passed by the body in the urine painlessly even without getting noticed. However, larger stones can block the urinary system, thereby causing immense pain in the groin or the abdomen and even may result in infection in the urinary system. No particular cause has been associated with the kidney stones. However, there are certain risk factors that can enhance the chances of their development in the body. These can occur at any age, though adults who age 40 years old or higher are particularly at higher risk. Being obese, consuming certain diets high in sodium and dehydration are other risk factors.

Cervical Spondylitis

Cervical spondylitis refers to wear and tear in the neck with age. It happens to affect the bones as well as the tissues in the neck. Some of the most common symptoms of the condition are terrible pain in the neck, headaches and stiffness. In rare cases, it tends to result in pain in the arms, numbness in the legs and hands, loss in coordination and facing difficulty while walking. The most likely causes of cervical spondylitis are wear and tear in the tissues and bones that constitute the spine. Ligaments tend to stiffen and the discs in the spine get dried out. As per estimates, nine out of ten adults have varying degrees of cervical spondylitis, but they may not experience the symptoms. It is diagnosed using X-ray scan and MRI scan of the neck. It is treated with a combination of exercises, self care techniques, maintaining proper posture while sitting and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia refers to the condition of widespread chronic pain in the body, usually accompanied by memory loss, mood swings, fatigue and sleep disorders. Patients may even experience debilitating joint pain, difficulty in swallowing and abnormalities in bladder and bowel movement. The exact causes behind fibromyalgia are unknown, but researchers believe genetic, environmental, psychological and genetic factors might be behind it. Fibromyalgia has been associated with depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety. It is quite possible that a patient may not experience all the symptoms of fibromyalgia. It affects 2-4 percent of the population and females are nine times more likely to fall victims to it as compared to men. While fibromyalgia is not associated with any other serious condition, the pain and other symptoms tend to interfere with your capability to live life fully.

Sacroiliitis

Sacroiliitis refers to the infection of the sacroiliac joint, the joint which connects the sacrum with the ilium of the pelvis. The likely causes of sacroiliitis include osteoarthritis, wear and tear of joints, trauma, pregnancy and infection in rare cases. In fact, sacroiliitis is a major symptom of several forms of inflammatory arthritis. Sacroiliitis is characterized by severe pain in the buttocks that can aggravate during early morning or late at night. Running, standing for long intervals, shifting weight on one leg, and taking long strides are other likely causes of aggravation of the pain. The sufferers of this condition may face difficulty in breathing, heart problems and lung infections. It is essential that help of an experienced doctor is sought in case long term pain in the buttocks and the lower back is experienced. A CT Scan, MRI Scan or an X-Ray Scan can be helpful in detecting the condition. Long term relief can be obtained with pain-relief medications, muscle relaxants and TNF inhibitors. Surgery may be required in extreme cases.

Sciatica

Sciatica is the name given to a painful condition that sets in due to the compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve, the longest nerve in the body. This nerve runs from the back of the pelvis, passes through the buttocks and goes down the legs and ends at feet. When the nerve is compressed or irritated by anything, it results in pain in lower back down the leg up to the calf. Some of the most common symptoms of the condition include pain in the lower back or leg, which worsens upon sitting, burning or tingling sensation in the leg, weakness and numbness in the leg or foot, chronic pain on the either side of the rear, and a terrible pain that can make it difficult to stand up. One can experience relief with exercise, hot or cold packs and over-the-counter painkillers.

Bursitis

Bursitis refers to the irritation or inflammation of the bursa, a sac with lubricating fluid which acts as a cushion between the bones and tendons, muscles and skin. The primary function of the bursa is to decrease the friction and rubbing between the bones and above mentioned body parts. Bursitis may set in due to age, sudden injury or repetitive usage of the joint over long period of time. The high risk activities that may result in bursitis include carpentry, gardening, golf, pitching, scrubbing, and shoveling. Other possible causes include incorrect sitting posture and insufficient stretching before starting exercising. Certain conditions such as gout, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and certain medications can increase the risk of catching bursitis. The body parts that are affected by this condition include elbow, shoulder, hip, knee and Achilles tendon.

Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids or piles are swollen veins in the lower rectum or anus. Strained bowel movements and pregnancy are the two most likely causes of hemorrhoids. These may be classified as internal or external, depending on the basis of their location. If these are present inside the skin around the anus, these are called internal hemorrhoids and in case these are present inside the rectum, these are called external hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids can be caused by constipation, prolonged sitting continuously for long hours, anal infections, strain during bowel movements, and certain types of diseases like liver cirrhosis. Major symptoms include anal itching, pain in the anus, stool accompanied by blood, and multiple hard tender lumps in the vicinity of the anus. Diagnosis of hemorrhoids can be performed by simple examination of the rectal area. Tests like anoscopy, sigmoidsoscopy and stool guaiac can be performed if the necessity arises. Treatment methods include Over-the-counter corticosteroid creams, Hemorrhoid creams with lidocaine and stool softeners.

Renal failure

Renal failure refers to the inability of the kidneys to filter the waste products from the blood. Renal failure may set in due to an internal injury or due to chronic kidney disease. While the former is treatable with the help of proper treatment, the latter is often irreversible. Renal failure is characterized by reduction or absence of urine production, leading to accumulation of waste products in the body which can be deadly. The possible causes of acute renal failure are heavy blood loss due to an injury or an infection, dehydration, damage due to poisons, infections and some medicines, blockage like kidney stones, tumor, injury or an enlarged prostate. Older adults or individuals with health concerns like liver or kidney disease, obesity, heart failure or diabetes are at high risk of renal failure.

Lumbago

Lumbago refers to pain in the lower back that leads to mild to severe discomfort. It is termed as acute if it is sudden and severe, or chronic when the pain lasts for a long time. It is quite common in young individuals involved in heavy physical work and elders of retirement age. While it might not be possible to identify the exact reason behind the pain, the specific cause can be pointed to a specific problem. There are a variety of conditions that may result in lumbago, including Apophyseal osteoarthritis, Degenerative discs, slipped discs, Spondylolisthesis, Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, Scheuermann's kyphosis, fracture, misaligned pelvis, Rheumatoid arthritis, infection, bone tumors, Intradural spinal tumors, Osteoporotic fractures, Tension myositis syndrome, Pelvic/abdominal disease, Posture or prostate cancer. The diagnosis of lumbago is difficult owing to the fact that lower back is comprises of a complex network of ligaments, soft tissues, tendons, bones, joints, discs and nerves. All of these are interwoven to make up the spinal structure.

Constipation

Constipation refers to the condition when passing bowel movements becomes hard and difficult to pass. It is the most likely cause of painful defecation. Constipation may degenerate into bowel obstruction, which can pose a threat to life. Constipation can be a symptom of a bigger issue; hence its exact cause needs to be determined before beginning with its treatment. Constipation can be any one of infrequent bowel movements, facing difficulty while passing stools and the lingering sensation of incomplete evacuation of bowels. The condition may develop in children on three different occasions: when they are fed with processed foods, toilet training and soon after joining school. Close to 12 percent of the global population is affected by constipation. The probable causes of constipation are classified into genetics, primary and secondary categories. Lack of physical activity, insufficient intake of dietary fiber, certain medications and colorectal cancer are the major causes of Constipation in the elderly.